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A.J. Herrington, Forbes, KahliBuds, 420GrowLife

#KahliBuds #MMJ #CBD #THC

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One of the many wonders of cannabis is all of the different ways the plant can be enjoyed. In its simplest form, mature marijuana buds are dried and cured before smoking, which releases the cannabinoids, terpenes, and other beneficial compounds in a form that can be easily taken in by the body. 

But with a little more work, cannabis can also be processed into other products, too. Cannabis flower can be steeped in oil or butter to produce an infused fat for edible products. At a more sophisticated level, solvents or specialized machinery can be employed to create concentrates for dabbing or vaping.

But the easiest thing to make from cannabis is kief, or the tiny trichome heads from the surface of cannabis flower (and to a lesser extent, the leaves) that are packed with cannabinoids and flavorful terps. Kief is easy to collect without the use of any complicated equipment, and once you have a stash, there are myriad ways to enjoy it.

How to Collect Kief

The easiest way to collect small amounts of kief is to use a three-chambered weed grinder to prepare your herb to pack bowls or roll joints and blunts. You’ve probably noticed that the middle chamber, where the weed collects after being ground, has a mesh screen. The screen serves as a filter that lets the nearly-microscopic trichome heads fall into the bottom chamber while holding back the plant material. Once you’ve ground a bunch of nugs, you’ll be able to scrape up the kief from the bottom chamber.

If you’d like to increase the kief production from your grinder, you can add a coin to the middle chamber. Then, each time you grind some herb, shake the grinder so that the coin agitates the crumbled bud before you take it out to use. You’ll get even more kief out of each batch if you put the grinder with the herb inside a freezer for a while before shaking. But remember, the more kief you take out of your buds, the less potent they’ll be when you smoke them.

Even larger amounts of kief can be produced by rubbing dried and crumbled cannabis flower over a piece of silkscreen fabric that has been stretched taut on a wooden frame. Using silkscreen fabric between 80 and 270 LPI (lines per inch), gently rub the weed over the screen with slight pressure to push the trichome heads through. Sift the herb through the screen over a clean container to catch and collect the kief. 

You can simplify the process by purchasing a kief box, which will usually have several screens of different sizes stacked together. With the screens stacked sequentially — meaning the smallest on the bottom of the box and the largest on the top — the kief will be separated into varying grades based on trichome size.

Once you’ve collected your kief, keep it fresh by storing it in an airtight, light-proof container in a cool location until you’re ready to use it.

Enjoying Your Kief

Once you’ve collected a nice little stash of kief, they are several ways it can be enjoyed. The easiest is to smoke it. A glass or small-bowled pipe with a screen comes in handy if you want to smoke the kief by itself. You can also use kief to enrich the potency of a joint or bong hit by sprinkling it over the marijuana flower. Kief can also be used to give your herb some extra punch with caviar joints and moon rocks if you also have some cannabis oil to use as glue. Just lightly cover the nug or joint with oil before rolling in kief to produce a nice golden coating. Smoke with care!

Just like marijuana flower, kief can also be further processed into other forms of cannabis. Applying pressure (and the resulting heat) to a mass of kief will create hash, a tradition mostly associated with Asian and Arabic cultures for centuries. An updated, mechanical version of the process uses heat and pressure created by a rosin press to make concentrates out of kief, which are then dabbed in a glass rig.

Kief can also be used to infuse THC into fats such as butter or coconut oil, which can then be used to make an unlimited variety of cannabis edible concoctions. Lighter MCT oil or strong drinking alcohol, like food-grade ethanol, can be used to make discreet and easy-to-use tinctures out of kief.

So, the next time you’re looking for a little more bang from your bong, blunt, or bonbon, give kief a try. You never know, might just have some waiting at the bottom of your grinder right now.

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Unless you’ve been living under a rock, you’ve probably heard of microdosing, or taking very small amounts of weed or a hallucinogen. Proponents of microdosing believe that taking a sub-perceptual dose (or, a small amount you can barely feel) offers the medicinal or therapeutic benefits of a psychoactive drug without tripping-your-face-off or being blitzed as fuck. Microdosing is often suggested as a way to ease into a new to a drug.

But lately, another term is also circulating through our happy family: macrodosing. As you might suspect, this is the exact opposite of microdosing. Instead of taking minuscule amounts of pot, acid, mushrooms, or another psychedelic substance, large or even heroic doses are taken.

Of course, macrodosing is nothing novel. It’s just the word that’s relatively new. People have been consuming massive amounts of marijuana and other drugs (including the old standby, alcohol) since people first started getting lit. How else are you going to learn your limits?

And there’s nothing wrong with that. If someone wants to get really, really stoned or trip super hard and they’re not hurting anybody, what’s the problem? It’s all good, in our book.

But, when most people talk about macrodosing, there’s generally more thought put into the act and intention that focuses on something other than maximizing the psychoactive effects of the drug. So, what exactly is macrodosing? And what are the benefits, if any? 

Can You Macrodose Weed?

Macrodosing weed entails taking more, often much more, than a typical “serving” of THC, which is generally said to be about 10mgs. Doses from as much as 100mgs of THC up to several hundred or even 1,000mgs are not unheard of, particularly by medical marijuana patients who have developed a tolerance to the drug, but still find it effective to treat conditions including chronic pain.

Ingesting that much THC at once isn’t a terribly easy thing to do. With a typical dispensary 1-gram pre-roll coming in at about 100mgs, you’d have to smoke one to your head all by yourself to get to what most experienced stoners would consider macrodosing.

This is where concentrates come in handy. One dab of a quality wax or shatter can easily deliver 25mgs or more of THC. At that potency, a few quick dabs in succession will get you into macrodosing territory in no time. 

Concentrates are easily incorporated into edibles, too, making large doses of THC easily ingestible. Brownies containing up to 1,000mgs have been made, but it is usually suggested to ingest in several servings. (But of course, a suggestion is just that — a suggestion.) Taking one or more doses at the same time will quickly get you into the realm of macrodosing.

Often, there’s more to macrodosing THC than getting really stoned. In addition to pain relief, macrodosing is recommended by some alternative therapy advocates for cancer patients in the form of Rick Simpson Oil or RSO. Under a suggested regimen for the treatment, small doses of a highly potent (up to 90 percent THC) concentrated cannabis oil are steadily increased to up to a gram or more per day.

But, products that make macrodosing THC practical are under fire. As anti-cannabis forces struggle to maintain vestiges of prohibition, caps on THC content have been proposed in several jurisdictions. To protect macrodosing as an option for medical marijuana patients, be sure to speak up against them if these types of regulations are being pushed in your community.

Is Macrodosing Hallucinogens a Thing?

With the resurgence of interest in hallucinogenic drugs and their potential therapeutic effects, macrodosing psychedelics is a thing again. Even the semi-straight-laced-yet-always-interesting author Michael Pollan delved into the world of macrodosing for his book How to Change Your Mind. For Pollan, macrodosing means taking doses of LSD, psilocybin mushrooms, or other psychedelic drugs that are large enough to induce intense, synesthetic hallucinations such as seeing sounds or feeling colors.

Because an intense trip from large doses of hallucinogens can have a lasting effect on the psyche (one of the keys to the therapeutic potential of the drugs) Pollan urges those considering macrodosing do so in a clinical setting with an experienced guide to lead the way.

Often, those who macrodose on psychedelics have profoundly meaningful experiences that change their lives forever. But, that’s not always the case, as expressed by Pollan. He reports that some of his experiences were awful, while others didn’t change everything he knew about the world. But he did learn something from every experience. The same goes for Albert Hoffman, inventor of LSD, who macrodosed himself during one of the first documented acid trips in history.

But, the potential impact macrodosing can have on mental health issues could change the landscape of therapy as we know it. Researchers see potential in using psychedelic experiences therapeutically to treat conditions including clinical depression and addiction.

While macrodosing pot or hallucinogens has therapeutic and recreational value, it shouldn’t be taken lightly and isn’t for the uninitiated. Getting way too baked or tripping too hard can be terribly uncomfortable, so be sure you have some experience with the drug before macrodosing. 

But, if you’re hellbent on consuming five grams of shrooms or ten tabs of acid or even high doses of THC, it might be wise to have a sober friend with you, or a trip sitter, as they call ‘em. It’s nice to have someone around who’s tethered to Earth, especially when you feel like you’re on Mars.

That said, when done carefully and in the proper setting, macrodosing can be fun and profoundly therapeutic. Explore mindfully, psychonauts!

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For California indigenous tribes, getting a piece of the state’s legal cannabis market is no easy feat. When voters approved Prop. 64, the initiative that legalized recreational cannabis in 2016, city and county governments gained local control over marijuana businesses wishing to open in their jurisdictions. But tribal governments, which have sovereignty of their land, were left out of the equation because the city and county governments have no authority on reservations.

The omission happened again when regulators created the rules necessary to implement Prop. 64. In order for cannabis businesses to get licensed on tribal land, California requires tribes to cede their sovereignty and authority to the state government, which inspects and regulates cannabis businesses.

"Unfortunately, the state really didn't provide a clear-cut way for tribes,” Bradley Downes, a tribal attorney for the Elk Valley Rancheria in Northern California, told MERRY JANE. “The definition of a local jurisdiction was limited to cities and counties and notably did not include tribal governments."

Several tribes, however, were already players in California’s medical marijuana market. In 2014, the Obama administration’s Justice Department issued the Wilkinson memo, which protected cannabis businesses on tribal lands from federal prosecution in the same way compliant companies off-reservation were shielded under the Cole memo. This led the Utu Utu Gwaitu Paiute to begin growing medical marijuana on their land near the Nevada border. But, the tribe still does not have legal access to the recreational pot market because licensed dispensaries can only acquire their product from state-licensed producers. 

Above, the Elk Valley Rancheria logo

“The state [of California] locked the tribes out of the market, and it’s not fair,” tribal chairwoman Tina Braithwaite told Rolling Stone in 2018. “We were here first. These are our nations. They put us out in these remote areas and said, ‘Survive!’ and yet when we try to survive, then they want to suppress us.”

The stakes are high for Native American communities. Often forced onto marginal lands in rural areas, economic opportunities are few and far between. So, opening a cannabis business would be a way to create rich opportunities for the future. According to data from 2019, the unemployment rate for Native Americans was 6.6 percent, eclipsing the national average of 3.9 percent. The challenges of life on reservations result in substance abuse rates among Native Americans that are higher than any other ethnic group in America. Not giving these communities an option to benefit from the prosperity cannabis often brings is yet another tone-deaf example of America's systemic suppression of marginalized groups. 

Tribal leaders at the Elk Valley Rancheria, located in coastal Del Norte County near the Oregon border, also saw the Wilkinson memo as an opportunity for economic development for the reservation. But rather than starting their own cannabis operations, Downes says leaders decided to rent space on the reservation to independent marijuana businesses.

"The tribe was looking at how it would be able to enter that market and landed on the idea of leasing land to a third party that was licensed by the state, so that the product could be sold within the state," said Downes.

After setting up a regulatory framework, the tribe authorized NGEV, Inc. to set up a cannabis cultivation facility at Elk Valley Rancheria. Once Prop. 64 was passed, the company applied for a license from the state for its operation with 15,000-square-feet of greenhouse cultivation space, but ran into a brick wall with state regulators.

"As the state laws were put into place, they really made it difficult for anyone on tribal land to be successful" obtaining a license, NGEV CEO Michael Carlson told MERRY JANE in a phone interview.

Undaunted by the setback, Downes explained that the tribe pursued a dual track of action in hopes of securing state licenses for cannabis businesses on its land. The first was a legislative effort to clarify that tribes could authorize a tenant to engage in cannabis-related activities on tribal land, and that such an authorization would be sufficient for meeting the state’s local authorization requirements. That attempt, called Assembly Bill 924 — introduced in 2017 by Assemblymember Rob Bonta of the East Bay — failed the following year.

Image courtesy of NGEV

A Cooperative Effort Pays Off

The Elk Valley Rancheria also tried to enter into an agreement with the government of Del Norte County that would allow the tribe to lease land to cannabis tenants while retaining regulatory authority over them. That effort paid off in January 2019.

Explained Downes, "The tribe also pursued an opportunity where it ultimately did enter into a memorandum of understanding with the county of Del Norte to authorize cannabis cultivation on tribal lands, to be regulated by the tribe, not by the county."

Through this agreement with the county, the tribe was able to preserve their sovereignty by staying out of the cannabis business itself and instead allowing non-tribal businesses to operate on the reservation as tenants. A precedent for this was set when the state’s Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control (ABC) issued a license to a restaurant that was subject to inspection by ABC staff on the reservation.

"The issue of a state licensing agency coming in to inspect a third-party, non-tribal entity wasn't such a big hurdle to get over when we look at the big picture,” said Downes. “The tribe licenses the facility as well, we conduct background checks, we do everything that a local jurisdiction would do, much the same as if it was located off-reservation."

With a compromise that resolves the issue of local control for the tribe and the county, Carlson went back to work on his application with the California Department of Food and Agriculture, the state’s licensing authority for cannabis cultivators. There were still more issues to work out with regulators along the way, but in December 2019 he achieved his goal.

"After two years of going back and forth with the state,” Carlson said, “we finally got it approved and we finally have our CDFA license.”

The value of what may be the first cannabis license approved on tribal land in California for the Elk Valley Rancheria community can’t be understated. 

In addition to the above-market rate rent being paid by NGEV, the company pays a 4 percent tax on gross revenues, which Carlson estimates at $1.5 million yearly with expansion plans already in the works. The cultivation site also has a hiring preference for tribal members, creating new opportunities right on the reservation. Del Norte County comes out ahead in the deal, too, with the 4 percent tax on gross receipts it will be receiving from the company.

Courtesy of NGEV

Can Success at Elk Valley Be a Model for Other Tribes?

Downes noted that the good relationship between the Elk Valley Rancheria and county leaders played a key role in working out local control of cannabis regulation on tribal land. Although the solution might not work for every Native American community in California, it could serve as a model for other tribes with strong ties to their surrounding local governments. But a broader solution that serves all of California’s Native American tribes is still needed.

"Every tribe is going to be different, and their local relationships are going to be different,” he said. “It happened to be that Elk Valley and the county of Del Norte have worked cooperatively on a number of issues, and this was another [issue] that we could find a way to work in a manner that suited both party’s interests and could make this business happen."

In some ways, the difficulties California Native American tribes face while attempting to access the state’s legal cannabis market is disheartening. In other states with legal pot, including Washington, Colorado, and Nevada, tribes and state governments have successfully negotiated compacts that allow such access. With the success of the Elk Valley Rancheria and NGEV, Downes hopes that other tribes may also find a path forward.

"We are approaching this in a manner that we hope is both responsible and can pave the way to give comfort to the folks in Sacramento,” he said. “Working with tribes is a positive step forward.”

But, a changing federal regulatory environment has led to further uncertainty for both legal pot businesses and tribes looking for a piece of the action. After the Trump administration took office in 2017, then-Attorney General Jeff Sessions rescinded both the Cole and Wilkinson memos, and federal prosecutors in Nevada have made it clear that there’s a new sheriff in town. 

So, the fight still isn’t over — and it won’t be until Native American communities are allowed to own legal cannabis businesses and receive licensing.... without having to give up their sovereignty to the state once again.

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In case you haven’t noticed, cannabis edibles have come a long way since the stem-laden brownies of yesteryear. The legal cannabis industry, until recently flush with investment capital, has come up with myriad new ways of eating weed. 

Gummies, cookies, capsules, mints, chocolates, hard candies, and even beverages — all infused with THC — can now be found at dispensaries in legal jurisdictions. Cannabis edibles have become so popular that sales of food and drinks containing THC in the United States and Canada could top $4 billion by 2022, according to data from Arcview Research.

But are all of those edible products really necessary? Do you really have to fork over your hard-earned cash to buy edibles or spend valuable time making them? If you can get your hands on some tasty nugs, why go through all the hassle? Can eating weed by itself get you high, and what are the benefits of gobbling some green? 

Unfortunately, the answer is no. The fact is, live cannabis plants and freshly-harvested marijuana flowers have little-to-no THC. Instead, this herb is high in THCA (or tetrahydrocannabinolic acid), an unactivated form of THC that is non-intoxicating. To get you high, the THCA must be converted to THC, which can be accomplished with the addition of heat in a process known as decarboxylation. The THCA is converted naturally when pot is smoked or vaped thanks to heating it upon inhalation. Edibles made with cannabis flowers or concentrates also have to be decarbed in order to get you lit. Even dried and cured buds, which undergo some decarboxylation as they age, still contain mostly THCA.

Another reason eating weed won’t get you high is because, by itself, THC has little bioavailability. Unless the THC molecules are infused into alcohol or fat (such as butter or oil), or are processed to make them water-soluble, they aren’t going to be absorbed by the body when eaten. Womp womp...

But even though eating weed won't get you conventionally stoned, there are benefits to consuming raw flower.

What Are the Benefits of THCA?

Eating weed is a thing. In fact, consuming fresh and fresh-frozen cannabis is becoming a bit of health craze. Even though THCA isn’t psychoactive, it still has beneficial properties for health and wellness. Many medical marijuana patients prefer formulations with THCA for times when getting lit on their medicine isn’t appropriate.

Research shows that THCA has several benefits that warrant further study. In 2013, researchers determined that cannabinoids including THCA might slow the growth and spread of some cancer cells. Another study in 2012 found that both THC and THCA can act as neuroprotectants that promote brain health. And, research in 2011 found THCA has anti-inflammatory properties.

Fresh cannabis is also rich in terpenes, minor cannabinoids, flavonoids, vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants including omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Raw cannabis is also high in fiber, protein, and amino acids.

So, Is Cannabis a Food?

Dr. William Courtney is a physician and a member of the International Cannabinoid Research Society, the International Association of Cannabis as Medicine, the Society of Clinical Cannabis, and the American Academy of Cannabinoid Medicine. He views cannabis not as a medicine, but as a necessary component of a healthy diet.

“You only need it as a medicine when you have forgotten it is food,” Courtney told Fox News (an admittedly shady outlet...).

Courtney believes that ingesting raw cannabis nourishes the endocannabinoid system, which helps regulate biological processes throughout the body.

“I believe this plant, having evolved over millions of years, is put together to support that system,” he said. “It’s clear that this plant is incredibly important for cell health, which at its best prevents disease.”

Courtney suggests that his patients consume cannabis, either fresh or fresh-frozen, as a regular addition to their diets. Fresh cannabis can be ingested by juicing, blending into smoothies, or chopped and added to salads or other recipes.

“When it’s consumed as a leafy green vegetable, you get the whole profile of the plant,” he said. “My experience day in and day out is overwhelmingly positive with patients who are using it.”

So, Where's the Proof?

One of those patients is Katie Marsh of Madawaska, Maine, who uses fresh cannabis to treat rheumatoid arthritis. She was looking for a way to treat her condition without using the powerful pharmaceuticals that are typically recommended, which can come with dangerous side effects.

“I white-knuckled it through the pain and only took pain killers when I absolutely needed them,” Marsh said.

Then she went to see Dr. Courtney, who helped her determine which cannabis strains were most likely to help her. After getting a bag of fresh cannabis from a local grower, she started juicing weed daily, mixing it into a fruit smoothly to make the taste more palatable.

“I saw results very quickly. Within a matter of a couple of days I was able to stop the prednisone and ibuprofen,” she said. After 11 months, although she was still experiencing pain in her feet from damage caused by her condition, the disease was in remission.

So while it’s true you can’t get high from eating weed, you still might want to give it a try if you use cannabis medicinally. It might be just what your body needs to help it get back on track.

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Players in the National Football League will no longer face suspensions if they test positive for marijuana under a new collective bargaining agreement approved by team owners on Thursday. The agreement is now being circulated among players, who are expected to consider the new terms with their representatives during a conference call this Friday.

If the agreement is ratified, the league would implement several changes to its drug policy covering the use of cannabis by players. The new policy would reduce the penalties for players who test positive for THC, including the elimination of game suspensions solely for a positive test result, according to a fact sheet released by the NFL Players Association that covers the agreement's key terms.

The new policy would also reduce the number of players subject to testing for THC and would shorten the window during which they may be tested from four months to only two weeks at the beginning of training camp each season. The limit for THC metabolites detected in a drug test would also be increased from 35 ng/mL to 150 ng/mL.

Word that changes to the league’s cannabis policy would be included in a renegotiated collective bargaining agreement first broke earlier this month. On Saturday, Mike Florio of NBC Sports reported that the new collective bargaining agreement would “include dramatically reduced penalties, with suspensions happening only in the event of extreme and repeated disregard of the policy or significant violations of applicable law regarding the possession and use of marijuana.”

The collective bargaining agreement approved by owners on Thursday also includes provisions that increase the minimum salaries and expands benefits for active and retired players. The league announced on Thursday that the owners had voted to ratify the agreement at a meeting in New York City.

"Following more than ten months of intensive and thorough negotiations, the NFL Players and clubs have jointly developed a comprehensive set of new and revised terms that will transform the future of the game, provide for players — past, present, and future — both on and off the field, and ensure that the NFL's second century is even better and more exciting for the fans,” the statement reads.

Major League Baseball has also announced changes to its cannabis policy, revealing in December that it would remove marijuana from its list of banned substances for players. Although testing for cannabis ended for major league players in 2006, minor league ballplayers were still being tested for THC and were subject to disciplinary action for a positive result.

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Greg Robinson, an NFL free agent offensive tackle, and Jaquan Bray, a former pro wide receiver, were arrested in Texas earlier this week after US Border Patrol agents discovered 157 pounds of pot in the rented SUV in which they and a third person were traveling. The arrest of the two players occurred Monday night at the Border Patrol’s Sierra Blanca Checkpoint Station in Western Texas near the US-Mexico border.

"We are aware of the report, but will decline further comment," an NFL spokesperson told the league’s media outlet.

Robinson and Bray have been charged with conspiring to possess marijuana with intent to distribute by the US Attorney’s Office for the Western District of Texas. According to a statement released by prosecutors on Wednesday, a Border Patrol K-9 unit alerted the vehicle that Robinson and Bray were in as it approached the checkpoint station. Agents asked Bray, who was driving the SUV, to park in a secondary inspection area. While searching the vehicle, agents allegedly discovered several large duffle bags containing 157 pounds of weed.

According to the criminal complaint filed against the two men, Robinson rented the SUV in Los Angeles on Sunday and arranged for he and Bray to be driven to Louisiana by the third person in the vehicle, an Uber driver Robinson met in 2018. As the vehicle approached El Paso, Robinson instructed Bray to take over driving. 

NFL Media reports that after the marijuana was discovered, the third person showed agents text messages from Robinson offering to pay the third individual to claim the marijuana. That person refused and told Robinson that he or she would not have agreed to drive the two men if he or she had known that there were drugs in the vehicle. The third person has not been charged.

After a successful college career at Auburn, Robinson was drafted second overall in 2014 by the St. Louis Rams, where he failed to stand out. He was traded to the Detroit Lions in 2017 and then to the Cleveland Browns a year later. He is due to become a free agent during the current off-season, as the NFL Network’s Tom Pelissero reports that the Browns have no intention of re-signing him.

Bray also played college ball at Auburn and is a former NFL wide receiver who spent three seasons with the Indianapolis Colts. He was released by the Houston Texans in 2018. He has also been a player with the Alliance for American Football and the Canadian Football League.

The case against Robinson and Bray is still being investigated by the Border Patrol and the Drug Enforcement Administration. The two men face up to 20 years in federal prison if they are convicted.

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A bill that would protect medical marijuana patients in the workplace was introduced in the California legislature last week, following a spike in applicants for state positions testing positive for cannabis use. The measure filed on Friday by Democratic Assemblymember Rob Bonta would require both private sector and public employers to accommodate employees and applicants who use marijuana medicinally. 

“To be discriminated against by your employer because of the type of medicine you use is both inhumane and wrong,” Bonta said to the Los Angeles Times. “Medical cannabis, as recommended by a doctor, should be given a similar reasonable accommodation as all prescription drugs.”

Although California legalized medical marijuana in 1996 and recreational cannabis with the passage of Prop. 64 in 2016, employers are still allowed to fire or refuse to hire workers who use pot, even if such use is for medical purposes. Since legalization, the number of applicants seeking jobs as state correctional workers who test positive for weed more than doubled, from 503 in 2015 to 1,053 in 2018. Employees and applicants for positions in the private sector have also been fired or denied employment for their legal use of cannabis away from the workplace.

“Prop. 64 did not provide any protections for the use of marijuana in the context of employment,” said Tamar Todd, a lecturer on marijuana law at UC Berkeley School of Law and the vice-chair of the California Cannabis Advisory Committee. “People can still be drug tested and disciplined based on a positive result even if they are using in compliance with state law, not at work, and not impaired at work.”

Ellen Komp, the deputy director of California NORML, would also like to see lawmakers ban public and private sector employers from urine testing for cannabis in random or pre-employment drug screenings unless required by federal law. She said that the current law is unjust.

“The result is to unfairly discriminate against qualified workers, deny them medical treatment with cannabis, and oftentimes compel them to depend on opiates and other more hazardous drugs,” Komp told the Los Angeles Times.

“I do not think [a ban on cannabis use] is fair, or necessary to have a safe workplace,” she added. “Our position is that people can legally and responsibly use marijuana off the job, as long as they don’t show up to work impaired or use it on the job.”

Bonta’s bill to protect medical marijuana patients in the workplace would not apply to safety-sensitive workers such as airline pilots, truck drivers, and police officers, who are required by federal law to be drug-free. The measure would also not apply to employers with federal contracts that require them to maintain a drug-free workplace.

The California Chamber of Commerce is opposed to legislation that would restrict an employer’s ability to test for drugs, saying in a statement that forcing companies to accommodate an employee’s medical marijuana use would jeopardize the safety of employees and the public.

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Talk about getting lit before work! 

Researchers in Europe say that the Viking’s most fearless warriors may have been tripping on a hallucinogenic herb during their violent raids on neighboring communities. Karsten Fatur, an ethnobotanist at the University of Ljubljana in Slovenia, says that the Vikings’ elite fighters known as berserkers may have used the herb “stinking henbane” before going into battle. The effects of the drug would have made the warriors “unpredictable and highly aggressive” and cause them to “lose touch with reality” as they engaged in combat.

Stinking henbane, or Hyoscyamus niger, is a plant in the nightshade family that can be poisonous. At lower doses, the herb can cause visual hallucinations, manic episodes, a loss of inhibitions, and reduced sensitivity to pain. 

During the Middle Ages, Viking war parties terrorized Scandinavia and surrounding European locations as they raided and pillaged coastal villages. The Vikings’ most elite fighters, the berserkers, were known to go into battle naked, fighting in a frenzied rampage without the protection of armor. Their fearless rages may have been induced by stinking henbane, which could be taken as a drug in several ways.

“They could have made tea from it, they could have infused it into alcohol, they could have made an ointment of the plant in animal fat and rubbed it on their skin,” Fatur explained. “It would have reduced their sensation of pain and made them wild, unpredictable and highly aggressive.”

Using stinking henbane may have made it possible for berserkers to continue fighting even if injured and could have also helped them cope with the horrors of combat, according to Fatur.

“There may also have been dissociative effects, such as losing touch with reality,” he said. “This might have allowed them to kill indiscriminately without moral qualms.”

Previously, scientists have theorized that the berserkers’ fits of violent rage could have been fueled by drinking copious amounts of alcohol or perhaps by the hallucinogenic mushroom Amanita muscaria. But Fatur doesn’t believe that the psychedelic shroom is responsible for their rampages.

“Though aggressiveness and hyperactivity may occur, these symptoms are rare and not seen as common markers of A. muscaria poisoning,” he said.

If the Vikings did partake of stinking henbane before going into battle, it wouldn’t be the first time warriors went into action under the influence of mind-altering substances. Greek armies often fought wars drunk on alcohol, as did the Romans, who also encouraged their enemies to imbibe. Since then, amphetamines were given to German soldiers in World War II and in Vietnam, US servicemen — many of whom were high on pot or opioids — were rewarded for battle kills with extra rations of alcohol.

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A.J. Herrington, KahliBuds, 420GrowLife

#KahliBuds #MMJ #CBD #THC

If you’ve visited a cannabis dispensary any time in the last several years, you’ve probably noticed that marijuana flower is sharing shelf space with an increasing number of concentrates. The selection can be overwhelming for some, with dozens of products to choose from: rosin, shatter, oil, budder, sauce, and myriad others waiting to be dabbed or vaped. Another cannabis concentrate that is growing in popularity is ice wax, which is also known by several other names including water hash, bubble hash, and ice water hash. But what exactly is ice wax, and how is it made?

Ice wax is made from the glandular trichomes of cannabis that have been separated from the plant material by agitation in ice water. These potent weed crystals are then collected through a sieving process. Since ice wax can be made with a small investment in materials, and without the use of volatile solvents such as ethanol or hydrocarbons (like butane and propane), it is popular with many home gardeners. Properly made, ice wax can be a potent concentrate that is both high in THC and rich in flavorful terpenes. With the application of heat, high-quality ice wax will bubble and melt instead of burning, a characteristic responsible for the nicknames full melt (because of what it looks like) and bubble hash.

How to Make Ice Wax: Supplies Needed

To make your own ice wax at home, you’ll need to acquire a few inexpensive supplies from a local grow shop or online retailer. First, you’ll need a set of sieving bags, commonly sold as bubble bags under several brand names. Bubble bags are available in 1- and 5-gallon sizes, or even bigger for large-scale operations. They’re available in sets of three, four, five, or even more bags, each having a differently sized filter screen (measured in microns, or one-millionth of a meter). More bags allow you to separate the ice hash into different grades based on trichome size.  

You’ll also need several towels and a 25-micron screen for drying the ice wax, and a couple of dull butter knives for collecting it from the screens. And don’t forget to pick up three clean plastic buckets the same size as your bubble bags. You’ll also need plenty of ice, a hose with a spray nozzle, and a large wooden spoon or length of doweling for stirring.

Of course, cannabis is also required for this process. It doesn’t matter if you use fresh-frozen flowers or dried and cured buds. You can use top-quality flowers if that’s all you can get, but sugar leaf trim and larfy popcorn buds can make great ice hash, too, giving the grower a productive option for their less-than-primo weed. 

Regardless, the herb you use should be glistening with trichomes — if you don’t see any with the naked eye, it’s probably not worth your time and effort to process into ice wax. The quality of the bubble hash you make depends on the quality of the cannabis you use. Mediocre weed will produce ice wax of the same ilk. You’ll want up to about 200 grams or so for 5-gallon bags and less than 50 grams for the 1-gallon size.

How to Make Ice Wax: Washing the Hash

Set up your bubble bags by placing them in one of the buckets, starting with the bag that has the smallest micron size and working your way up to the largest, one bag inside the next. Alternate the layers of ice and cannabis until the bucket is almost full, and then top off with cool water.

Allow the ice, water, and cannabis to sit for at least five minutes to give the trichomes a chance to get cold and brittle. Then, begin agitating the mixture by stirring. As you agitate, the trichome heads will break away from the plant material and become suspended in the water. The more you stir, the more you’ll break up the plant matter. Many ice wax makers will start with an agitation time of only a minute or two to produce an initial wash of the highest quality ice wax.

After agitation, pull the first bag with the plant material and ice out of the rest, allowing the water to flow through the filter screen and back into the bucket and remaining bags. Set the first bag aside in a separate bucket to be washed again, if desired. One at a time, pull the bubble bags out of the bucket, allowing the water to flow back into the container. Once the water has drained away, a layer of golden-hued trichomes will remain on the filter screen. Rinse the trichomes with the hose for a couple of minutes to wash away any impurities.

How to Make Ice Hash: Collect and Dry the Trichomes

Use a butter knife to gently scrape the mass of trichomes away from the screen and transfer them to the 25-micron screen placed atop an absorbent towel. Keep in a clean, well-ventilated place until completely dry. The ice wax can be enjoyed as is or grated with a Microplane to produce a crumbly bubble hash that resembles light-brown sugar. Store in an airtight container in a cool place. Enjoy with a hash pipe or dab rig, or use the ice wax as a topper for the weed in a bowl or joint for extra-potent hits.

If you grow pot and are looking for a way to use your trim and small buds, try making ice wax. You just might find that you prefer the intense high and complex flavors even more than your best flower.

420GrowLife

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A.J. Herrington, KahliBuds, 420GrowLife

#KahliBuds #MMJ #CBD #THC

Cocaine has become so prevalent in the Irish county of Galway that one government health official said the area is facing a “blizzard.” Last Monday, at a meeting for the county’s Joint Policing Commission (JPC), addiction specialist for Ireland’s Health Service Executive, Joe Treacy, further explained that the problem is the worst he’s seen in nearly three decades. 

“It is not snowing in Galway, there is a blizzard,” he said. “The purity of the cocaine we are seeing here is very high, it’s 93 or 94 percent.”

Treacy added that the problem with drugs and related crime in the county is the most terrible that he’s witnessed during his entire career as an addiction specialist in Ireland, the UK, and Australia.

“I’ve been working in this area for 28 years and Galway is the worst I have ever seen,” he said. “It is quite shocking. The level of criminality, the level of drug abuse, it’s very shocking. There will be a lost generation if we don’t engage with this as quickly as possible. The proliferation and the availability of drugs has never been as bad.”

Treacy said that screenings of drug users in the county have revealed cocaine that is 94 percent pure and a strain of cannabis from Morocco with unprecedented levels of THC. He also suggested that widespread drug testing following an average weekend would reveal the full extent of the problem.

“If we drug tested everybody on a Monday morning, we would have a lot of red faces,” he said. “It is so easy to access drugs at the moment. I don’t know of any village or small townland that drugs have not invaded.”

Treacy isn’t the only government official to float the idea of mass drug tests. The JPC’s Crime Prevention and Personal Safety sub-committee recommends that the Galway County Council and local police explore a way to implement random drug tests in schools. Councillor Michael Maher, the chairperson of the sub-committee, said that he believes such a policy would receive public support.

“I’m sure that hundreds of parents out there would not mind their children being tested for drugs,” he said. “I think 95 percent of parents would allow this to go ahead.”

Maher said that a local drug testing pilot program could eventually lead to a similar policy nationwide. But Councillor James Charity argued against the plan, saying that random drug testing is unconstitutional.

“It is an infringement on civil liberties,” he said. “There is an assumption that someone is guilty until proven innocent. If we start going into schools, where do you stop? Do we start going into workplaces?”

Maher later said that a school drug testing program would require the support of parents and administrators. In the meantime, the snow storm continues. 

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A.J. Herrington, KahliBuds, 420GrowLife